Author TB Thompson DVM has been a licensed, practicing veterinarian since 2000.
Degenerative myelopathy in dogs (DM) is a nervous system disease that causes severe disability. Getting this diagnosis can be heartbreaking. But once you understand it, you can take steps to help your dog face the challenge.
This veterinarian-written article will provide you with essential information about DM, from recognizing symptoms to exploring traditional and experimental therapies. Our goal is to empower you with knowledge and support as you face these challenges with your dog.
KEY POINTS
- Degenerative myelopathy is a progressive nervous system disease that leads to paralysis
- Certain dog breeds are more likely to have a mutated gene that causes DM.
- There is no cure for DM. Management revolves around adaptive measures and nursing care.
What is Degenerative Myelopathy?
Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive disease that affects the spinal cord in older dogs, leading to loss of mobility and coordination.
It’s linked to a genetic mutation, particularly in the SOD1 gene, which makes certain breeds more susceptible. (1) Though similar to ALS in humans, DM is unique to dogs, gradually impairing their ability to walk.
Despite its severity, dogs with DM do not experience pain from the condition itself. Early detection and supportive care can help manage symptoms, offering dogs a quality life as the disease progresses.
High-Risk Breeds
Fortunately, only 0.19% of the general dog population is affected by DM. (2) However, genetic DM has been identified over 24 different dog breeds. A few of the popular breeds at risk (bolded breeds have the highest risk):
- American Pit Bull Terrier
- Australian Shepherd
- Bernese Mountain Dog
- Border Collie
- Boxer
- Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
- Corgi
- German Shepherd
- Pug
Symptoms of DM in Dogs
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Recognizing the signs early and consulting with your veterinarian can help manage the symptoms and keep your dog comfortable.
DM starts with vague, subtle changes in hind leg mobility. As the disease progresses, it affects the whole body.
| Early Symptoms | Late Symptoms |
| Difficulty standing from a sitting or lying position | Complete paralysis of the hind legs |
| Loss of coordination in the hind legs (ataxia) | Incontinence (urinary and fecal) |
| Dragging of the rear feet, leading to worn nails | Loss of muscle mass and severe muscle weakness |
| Swaying walk or wobble in the hind quarters | Difficulty eating and swallowing |
| Crossing of the hind legs when walking | Respiratory distress |
| Mild to moderate hind limb weakness | Front limb weakness, leading to difficulty moving |
| Decreased reflexes in the hind legs | Changes in bark tone |
Diagnosing Degenerative Myelopathy
Because it causes symptoms shared with many other diseases, DM requires careful analysis and testing. (3) A physical exam and analysis of the dog’s history is important.
Lab testing is a more specific way to identify DM in dogs. Here’s a concise overview of the tests:
| Test | Diagnostic Results |
| Spinal Fluid Analysis | Increased protein in spinal fluid. |
| DNA Test | Carrier-1 copy of mutated SOD1 geneAt Risk-2 copies of mutated SOD1 genes |
| Spinal Cord Nerve Function Test | Abnormal nerve response in the spinal cord. |
| Nerve Tissue Analysis (After Death) | Abnormal nerve tissue: astrocytosis, axonal degeneration, demyelination, neuronal degeneration. |
Companion Stories: Living with DM
One summer, I treated not just one but three DM patients from high-risk breeds at the same time! They included a German Shepherd named Delilah, a Boxer called Sonny and a Corgi known as Bear.
They all started with mild stumbling and progressed to almost full hind-limb paralysis. Their owners gave them wheelchairs, boots, and other adaptive devices to help them move safely. Even with their mobility issues, these dogs were happy.
These dogs’ determination and their owners’ care show how strong their bond is. Let’s talk about therapies used for dogs with DM…
Traditional Management Strategies
While there is no cure for degenerative myelopathy, several management strategies can help improve the quality of life for dogs with this condition. Early intervention and a well-rounded care plan are key to helping your pet maintain mobility and comfort for as long as possible.
- Physical Therapy: Regular, gentle exercises under the guidance of a veterinary rehabilitation therapist can slow muscle atrophy and improve circulation. Swimming is an excellent low-impact activity that supports muscle strength without straining the joints.
- Assistive Devices: As DM progresses, devices like harnesses and specially designed wheelchairs can help dogs maintain their independence and mobility. These tools allow dogs to continue engaging in daily activities and enjoy their surroundings.
- Nutritional Support: A balanced diet rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids may support nerve health. Supplements, as recommended by your veterinarian, can also play a role in your dog’s overall wellness plan.
Creating a safe and comfortable environment for your dog is also important. Non-slip mats and ramps can make navigating around the house easier for dogs with DM. Regular check-ups with your veterinarian will help you adjust your care plan as your dog’s needs change over time.
By focusing on these management strategies, you can help make your dog’s journey with DM as comfortable as possible.
More from NPHQ Veterinarian
Emerging Therapies
As research into degenerative myelopathy advances, experimental therapies are emerging. These treatments are at the forefront of veterinary medicine, focusing on novel ways to treat DM at its root causes.
- Neurogenic Peptide: At Midwestern University, researchers are exploring the effects of a special protein that may help nerve cells.
- Gene Therapy: Researchers are investigating various techniques to silence the SOD1 gene involved in causing DM.
- Stem Cell Therapy: Stem cell therapy is another promising avenue, with the potential to repair damaged tissues and regenerate nerve cells. Early studies show it might improve mobility and quality of life in dogs with DM, although more research is needed. (2)
- Riluzole Trials: Riluzole is a drug used to treat ALS in humans. A clinical trial using it to treat DM in dogs is forming at North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine.
It’s important to consult with a veterinary specialist about these options. While experimental therapies offer hope, they may not be suitable or available for all dogs. Choosing the right treatment should be a carefully considered decision made by you and your vet.
Home Care Tips
Caring for a dog with degenerative myelopathy requires patience, love, and understanding. As your dog’s mobility decreases, their dependence on you will increase. Here are some tips to make your pet’s life comfortable and fulfilling:
- Adapt Your Home: Make your home more accessible by using ramps for stairs and beds, and place non-slip mats in areas where your dog spends the most time. Keeping essentials like food, water, and their bed within easy reach can also help.
- Keep Them Clean: As your dog is less able to walk normally, they can develop skin sores that need to be protected and treated. You’ll also need to watch closely for fecal and urine incontinence.
- Maintain a Routine: Keeping a regular schedule for feeding, bathroom breaks, and therapy can provide a sense of security and stability for your dog. Regular, gentle exercise as recommended by your vet is also important to keep their spirits up.
- Emotional Support: Dogs with DM can become anxious or depressed as their condition progresses. Extra cuddles, gentle petting, and spending quality time together can help reassure them of your love and support.
- Monitor Health Closely: Regular check-ups with your veterinarian are important to monitor your dog’s condition and make any necessary adjustments to their care plan. Pay close attention to their comfort and any signs of pain or distress.
Helpful Resources
You can find more information and support on the following websites:
- Orthopedic Foundation for Animals: A research foundation that offers information and genetic testing for DM.
- Canine Degenerative Myelopathy Project: A consortium of veterinarians and researchers committed to finding a cure for canine degenerative myelopathy (DM). The site offers disease information, resources and experience stories from dog parents.
- Canine Degenerative Myelopathy Awareness: A Facebook support group of pet owners facing similar challenges. Groups like this can be a great source of advice, support, and encouragement.
Conclusion
Helping your dog with DM is filled with challenges, but it can also bring moments of joy and deep bonding. Early diagnosis and good veterinary care can make a significant difference.
Your love and support are the most powerful tools in helping your dog come through this part of their life with dignity and comfort.
